Video games after the classical game model (2868 bc – 1970 ad)

• 1. Rules: Implemented by computers rather than humans or physics. More complex rules, hidden rules.

• 2. Variable & quantifiable outcome: Score removed (Doom), outcome no longer final (MMORPG).

• 3. Value assigned to outcomes: Sims, Sim City, simulations: no “goal”; player-goals; “sandbox”.

• 4. Player effort: Toying with the player’s influence in the world. (God games, FPS etc..)

• 5. Outcome associated with player: Unchanged?

• 6. Negotiable consequences (separate): Pervasive, location-based, assassin, persistent, MMORPG.

• Fictional worlds play a much bigger role in games now!